Chicory Farming on Phillip Island

Chicory farming on Phillip Island was introduced in 1870, with the plant’s root destined primarily for use as a coffee additive or substitute.

Farming started slowly with initial crops being transported to Melbourne by sea for processing.

The first chicory kiln was built in 1873, followed by a second in 1880 and by 1920 there were at least 25 kilns on the island.

Restored Chicory Kiln on Phillip Island

Kilns required three tonnes of firewood to yield one tonne of dry chicory root so contributed to the deforestation of the island.

As general farming, chicory harvesting, tree chopping for firewood and kiln work were all hard work.

The inevitable get-rich-quick venturers soon gave up and their abandoned land was readily converted to sheep and cattle grazing.

In the meantime, digging out roots with picks was hard work.

In 1884 a local farmer conceived and developed his “chicory devil” - a tool with a 4cm wide spade-like blade which was used until 1930.

The devil was then superseded by a horse drawn plough and later with a tractor drawn ripper.

The Phillip Island climate (soil, frost free, rainfall, sea air) was conducive to chicory farming.

And aren't these the same reasons we love the island today?!

Peak production was reached in the 1940’s.

At that time over 75% of Australian consumption was grown on and around Phillip Island.

The balance was grown in South Australia’s south east coastal area but was at that time in decline.

Chicory farming on Phillip Island declined rapidly in the mid 1970’s and there was only one operating kiln left on the island.

The last crop of chicory on was grown at Rhyll in 1987.

Chicory Plant

While there are a number of chicory varieties, classified as a herb, there are two main types depending on why they are grown –

For leaves - commonly known as endive or radicchio and is used primarily for salads. The leaf can be bitter, more so as the plant grows. The flowers are also edible.
For the root - that grown on the island had a root akin to a parsnip and broad dark green leaves. In Phillip Island literature there is no reference to the leaf being used – focus was clearly on the root.
The root can also used to add flavour to beer or cooked as a parsnip and eaten as a vegetable – but the main reason for growing it on Phillip Island was for the coffee market.

Chicory, of course, had been known for a long time before its introduction to Phillip Island.

It had been cultivated for thousands of years in Egypt and later introduced to Europe. Use as a coffee additive seems to have originated in the medieval times in Holland.

Chicory Plants

Chicory Kilns

Kilns are a simple square brick building topped by a steep corrugated iron roof with a flue.

Roots were delivered in bags, washed, sliced by a cutting machine and raised to the drying floor by an elevator.

The drying floor was really a heavy wire mesh three metres above a wood fired furnace.

Kiln capacity per dry was 50 bags of green sliced roots and took about 24 hours to dry each lot.

After sale to coffee and tea merchants, the dry chicory was roasted and kibbled, or ground, to ready it for blending with coffee.

A bottle of Bushells coffee and chicory essence.

A Common Use For Chicory

Among chicory’s numerous medicinal properties, its natural caffeine free character makes it attractive in reducing caffeine in coffee blends. The blend can also create a richer, darker coffee brew.

Today there are a number of old kilns still visible in various stages of disintegration.

However, a strong and highly visible link to chicory farming on Phillip Island is being maintained through imaginative architecture encompassing the iconic kiln design.